Social Media and Politics Essay Example for Free

Social Media and Politics Essay SAbstract a) Purpose The following research paper seeks to understand if social media can be used as an effective tool in politics b) Design/Methodology/Approach: The problem was structured by analyzing the behavior of the stakeholders using a systems approach. The analysis of the model revealed a set of feedback loops operating in the system identified as responsible for the complexity of the problem situation relating to political activism. The study employs various research methods such as systematic method that uses empirical model in analyzing if the political participation is due to causal relationship between online activity and result orientation. It also uses Qualitative case study method where cases of different countries are studied and the data gathered is checked against the theoretical framework in place c) Findings The research revealed that as the number of internet user increases with greater accessibility and usability of social media will facilitate political participation. d) Practical implications The research findings is however skeptical about these revolution was organized online using social media. Social media can be used as low cost medium for organizing but it can be used to transform individuals and cannot guarantee the political empowerment of individuals for future. From the analysis of the various country cases also reveals that social media helped in bringing down the dictatorship but could not help in forming strong political ties that can be used in the reconstruction of the nation in the path of democracy INTRODUCTION Social media are group of applications that runs on internet built using web 2.0 technologies. It allows users to generate content which can be exchanged. Social media applications include blogs, social networking, file and photo sharing. Example: Facebook, Orkut, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, Slideshare, MySpace etc. Launched in 2004, Facebook has more than 900 million users worldwide while twitter has 500 million accounts Traditionally social capital was built based on strong ties and mutual trust between individuals. But now, social media has brought structural changes to the public sphere. It has become a main source of personal orientation, anonymous interactivities and social communities. With the emergence of IT, weak ties are formed online followed by profit, trust and experience sharing giving birth to online political communities and social media activists. We are in a smart phone era where everyone wants to be a field reporter. The reach of traditional media is on decline and increased use of internet provides cyberspace as a platform that facilitates political communication. Although this media was designed for personal communication, in recent times has been used as political tool. Political speeches, demonstrations are being uploaded on YouTube watched by millions. person with least technical skills can create political content online (blog, Twitter) and can have his share of fame with hundreds of users following his posts. Political demonstrations can be organized with people mobilized online through Facebook, twitter and by sending SMSes. As a testimony to the above said fact were the recent protests in North Africa and Middle East beginning with political upheavals in Tunisia, Egypt and spreading to other parts of the region including Libya, Yemen and Syria. In this paper, we try to explore if social media can be used as an effective tool in politics. Can it make a difference in natural politics and bring about social change? Can it be used as a long term tool to strengthen the civil society and politic sphere? Problem Structuring a) Stake Holder Analysis I. Stakeholder Map II. Specific Stakeholder Chart Government and Regulatory BodyFederal and state governmentsInternet service providersMinistry of information and broadcastingLegal framework for regulation IT Rules 2011| Political partiesBJPCongressRegional parties| Civil societyIndian think tankNon- profit organizationResearch and Education organization| Social media activistsAwareness creatorsAdvocatesOrganizersmobilizers| Foreign GovernmentsG8BRICG20| Consumers of social media contentSilent searchersContributorsConventionalist- focused on discussing informationHobbyists| Traditional mediaPrint mediaTVNews channels| Social media ownersGoogleYahooFacebookMySpace| III. Identification of Stakes b) BOT Graph Previously a wide network was needed to organize mass scale demonstrations against any public policy.. Most often comrades of a party, nonprofit organization or student community had possessed such an organization capability. People formed clusters based on the common ideology or the interest that they shared. Traditional media such as Newspaper, television channels were used to reach people incurring high Transaction cost. literate population is growing with increasing access to technologies like Internet at a cheaper cost makes Social media now a phenomena The following figure shows the intuitive relation between literacy, internet users, political activists and Dictators. It means that as more people are educated, they have the basic skills to user Internet. As the political turmoil increases in a country, people use social media to voice their opinion about political situation in their country. Therefore number of political activists increases. More and number of people join offline the protest which was conceptualized online bring down the dictatorship rule reducing number of dictators. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Political unrest in Tunisia Research paper â€Å"Emerging role of social media in political and Regime change† by Rita safranek takes a deep insight into the various components of social media. The book takes a look into the issues in the following sections. i. Political unrest in Philippinesii. Political unrest in Iran iii. Political unrest in Tunisia iv. Criticism of Twitter Revolution In 1994, Facebook was created by Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg as a way to connect with his friends on campus. It grew to be large social network with 850 million users in USA alone. Other micro blogging sites like Twitter have been growing steadily since its launch. YouTube provides a platform to share videos. These three big social media were a major Hit because an average person with no computer skills can use it with good success. Social media is a major attraction to the youth because Traditional social economic barrier are broken providing them a level playing field. Social media has been used to form activities of civil societies such as Mobs and civil movements and Several countries has been cited as examples: Philippines, Iran and Tunisia where activists used Facebook, LiveJournal and Twitter to organize protests followed by successful large demonstrations. Rulers in these countries tried to suppress the demonstrations by not allowing traditional media to cover the news and mislead the public by posting erroneous timings and cyber blocks. Though internet was censored cyber activists circulated protest videos among the closed circuit with greater reach. World took a look at these small countries and their political oppressions. Analysts claim success of social media has to do with the affordability (low cost) of technology and conditions of their use (Gender and economics) while critics argue that social media is that the social network is built around weak ties as political participation requires lesser motivation. Twitter has their inbuilt short comings such as word limit of 140 words. Statistics also shows the market penetration of internet in developing countries is minimal when compared to developed countries. Hence not sustainable. 2. Research paper â€Å"Social media and politics: Therortical and methodogical considerations in designing a study of political engagement † by Maja Tunrsek. This paper discusses about nation state polity and global state polity. Pre globalization the nation state regulated all public transactions. Post globalization, power has been transferred outside the nation to economic private powers which gave rise to sovereignty, democracy. As a result, they are facing a deficit in decision making. On an individual level, since they are no more controlled by state polity , they are moving towards individualistic politics such as lifestyle politic, consumerism. In order to convince people on global issues. People started mobilizing people cutting through boundaries by writing blogs, viral marketing, initiating petitions etc. There are several theories explains the impact of social media on democracy. â€Å"Techno optimists† of view that internet is lower the cost of participation. It is providing a platform where individuals can interact with other individuals who share same interest. Public scrutiny of political mandate made easier where the elites and influential people are also under the purview of scrutiny. Techno pessimists counter argue that Internet is a perceived only as legitimate way of democracy. If this trend is followed, politicians will see this as an opportunity to circumvent traditional journalist and reach their audience with tailored content. Now the onus lies on the consumers to evaluate the authenticity of the content they are presented with. Like any other technology, social media also has it pros and cons. Social media alone cannot be made responsible for good democracy and dispersion of neither power nor used tacitly will lead to concentration and abuse of power. These were created based on institutional needs so their impact will depend on the structure and rules of the institution. 3. Research paper â€Å"The impact of social media on Agenda setting in Elections campaign: Cross media and cross national comparisons † by Gunn Enli. This paper throws insight on how media has evolved and its implication on politics. In early 60’s media was dominated by television as medium for political communication and continued domineering for three decades. With the advent of digital technology, political communication took a different direction with more importance laid on mundane and populism. Politician have come of an age and have started using social media as a strategic tool say in election campaigning. Social media and traditional media have differed on various aspects such as reach, issues addressed, debating style and political impact.In past, television has placed a crucial role in setting up political agenda as it was the majority news provide. Media landscape is changed and replaced by cyber space where people spend most of their time and discuss the issues that matter to them the most. Sooner, citizens will comfortable in the liking the Facebook page of their leaders as it would provide and easy and direct way of communicating with him. In developed countries like USA, the scenario is more favorable as the majority of the population has access to internet and tech savvy. The trend of using of Social media for the brand management of leaders, election campaigning, political survey will continue. It also pose a potential threat of content posted online can go viral in a fraction of million second and can cause greater damage to the reputation. Hence should be handled with caution. Research Problem Can social media can be used as an effective tool in politics. Can it make a difference in natural politics and bring about social change? Can it be used as a long term tool to strengthen the civil society and politic sphere? Research Objective The research objective of this paper is to understand the effectiveness of social media in political sphere * role of social media in bringing political revolution in countries like Egypt * relationship between traditional and social media in setting up the political agenda * Using social media in politics of developed economies like USA Research Questions What level of political openness and trust between individuals online can be perceived as political participation? Are we seeing revolutions triggered by the social media because of low transaction cost involved in mobilizing people? Can social media have that impact of transforming individuals? Can it give them competencies that will empower them in politics? Why politicians in few countries have chosen to use social media in their political campaigns What is the dynamics between traditional and social media in setting agenda for election campaigns? Proposed Methodology Methods The proposed methodology is basically based on the research objective. a) The Input- Output Method This method uses a well-known truth that you cannot get something out of nothing. There has to be an input to produce an output. Using this method for research purpose makes the estimation really easy. Technology and inputs are far better defined.. b) Systematic study Factors affecting political participation are studied systematic ally by applying an empirical model O-S-O-R model. According to the O-S- O-R model, the activity of the political participation is a response result arising from a casual relationship between online activity and result orientation. To investigate the study subjects, a survey was conducted. The target population covered male and female adults above the age of 19. Questionnaire was created to capture the relationship between casual variable c) Qualitative case study method Cases of different countries are selected and are analyzed In detail about its features and impact. The data gathered through this method is rich as well as complementary with the theoretical framework such as shareholder’s analysis and casual loop diagram and also was helpful in answering research questions. Each case is taken In isolation analyzing the unique features that led to revolution followed by comparison with case of another country and a parallel is drawn CAUSAL- LOOP Diagram For drawing the causal loop diagram we need to identify the different variables that will impact the effectiveness of social media in politics. Following are the variables: 1) literates 2) internet users 3) Internet regulations 4) Political activists 5) Dictators 6) Social media 7) Traditional media 8) Online political activists 9) Political activism 10) Protests 11) Dictators 12) Tyranny 13) Democracy 14) Internet censorship From the causal loop we can see that there are 2 positive feedback loops(Reinforcing ) and one negative feedback loop(Balancing). Increase in literates will lead to increase in internet users will lead to increase in usage of internet applications such as Facebook, Twiiter. As people identify with likeminded people, they form clusters or communities and share views about common causes, agenda. When the government doesn’t reciprocate the grievances or mundane of the public will lead to more political activism online. These activism will be transformed into demonstrations and protest. If the government tries to suppress political activism through internet censorship will lead to people finding ways to circumvent censorship. Ultimately, state has to bow to the public leading to fall of unpopular regimes. As democracy flourishes, standard of living and thus literacy increases. Limitations of the Study There are few limitations to the study and the research methods adopted is empirical evidence to prove that people who protested in countries like Tunisia and Iran used social media for organizing mob. Few research papers available only suggested that during the revolution, social media played the role of traditional media reporting the events that took place. Similarly no empirical evidence to prove that brand value of a political leader was increased by efficient use of social media during election campaigning References http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2010-10-e.htm http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67038/clay-shirky/the-political-power-of-social-media http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-01-25/national/35440649_1_pipa-and-sopa-social-media-wikipedia http://overland.org.au/blogs/new-words/2012/10/beyond-twibbons-thinking-about-politics-and-social-media/

The Wolf :: essays research papers

The Wolf Destiny, perhaps from the very beginning, claimed the wolf as a symbol. Has any other animal stirred human passions the way the wolf has? Its haunting howl, its incredible stamina, its brilliant eyes, and its superiority as a predator all have been reviled as nefarious, and even demonic, traits. Ironically, these same characteristics have also been revered as belonging to a majestic, and sometimes spiritual, creature - a symbol of the magnificent, untamed wilderness. In truth, the wolf is neither evil nor exceptionally good - neither demon nor god. Wolves are simply predators. Their role as a predator must not be reduced, however, to that of savage killer. Wolves, like humans, need to eat to survive. In this process, wolves also provide a service: they help preserve nature's delicate balance by keeping herds of deer, elk, moose, and other large mammals in check, as well as keeping these populations strong and genetically viable by preying on the weak and sick. Both the idealized wolf and the demonic wolf are creations of the human mind. It is not easy to transcend the image of the Big Bad Wolf that has filled our myths and legends, but if we know only this wolf we do not truly know the wolf at all. And what we do not know, we fear. Our fear is perhaps the greatest threat to the survival of the wolf, for it causes us to react rather than act, to repel rather than respect. But this fear and hatred did not always separate man and beast Man the hunter once looked on the wolf the hunter with admiration. Man and wolf both used their keen intelligence to overcome the disadvantages they faced in their day-to-day existence. Survival for both was enhanced by hunting and living in groups or packs. And, at one time, the chance of survival for each was also increased by following, learning from, and adapting the skills of the other to its own advantage. As long as man's daily living was earned primarily as a hunter, he knew a respect for wolves, and coexistence was relatively peaceful. Eventually, man and wolf took up together in a process of domestication that brought a different meaning to their coexistence. Even while those early ancestors of man's best friend enjoyed this new relationship, the wolves that did not come in from the cold were beginning to be cast in a different and less favorable light, for the dog was not the only animal toward whom man turned his attention in the early days of animal husbandry.

Legitimacy Crisis Essay

I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is one’s own. 2. I have used the â€Å"Harvard† convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and quotation in, this essay/report/project from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This essay/report/project is my own work. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Signature: Jvanrooyn Word Count: 308 excluding in-text citations Jihad Van Rooyen. Introduction to Politics, Tutorial Group #11 12 March 2014 Assignment #3 Legitimacy Crisis Revolutions result in a ubiquitous change in society. This essay ascertains themes throwing legitimacy into crisis through an evaluation of the sources of the French, Russian and Iranian revolutions. As stipulated by Max Weber in his legitimacy crisis ideals, society functions on a moral relationship between the ruler and the ruled (Hague, Harrop & Breslin, 1992:19). Non-acceptance by the ruled would result in a regime losing its legitimacy and pave way for a political break-down. This is emphasized by John Locke in the Social Contract, where he deemed that society has no moral obligation to the regime when the contract is breached (Spragens, 1997:34). Thus, legitimacy certifies political stability and must be lost before any revolution can transpire. The French Revolution was based on the constitutional and monetary crises, which lead to instability. Thus through the failure of the regime to meet demands, legitimacy was lost and a secular revolution followed (Hague, Harrop & Breslin, 1992:72). Relative deprivation was an immediate by-factor, clearly evident through the revolts against the structural conditions, which ultimately abolished absolute monarchy in France (Hague, Harrop & Breslin, 1992:74). Similarly to the French revolution, the Russian overthrowing of the old political system proved easier than consolidating power (Hague, Harrop & Breslin, 1992:79), especially after both revolutions were influenced by the regime’s spending on warfare. Both revolutions involved peasants uprising, owing to hunger, poverty and social inequality. The Tsar was not able to meet the demands of the citizens and in so doing lost credibility. In contrast, Iran’s old regime had not been ravaged by warfare nor had it suffered monetary failure, prior to its revolution (Hague, Harrop & Breslin, 1992:79). The revolution was a religious affair against the regime. Like the previous two revolutions, expectations amongst the people were not met by the regime. In conclusion, when a regime doesn’t fulfill its moral obligation to the people or if they do not meet the expectation of the citizens, relative deprivation could occur which could ultimately result in illegitimacy and a revolution.

Common Stereotypes About Africa

In the 21st century, there’s never been more focus on Africa than now. Thanks to the revolutions sweeping through North Africa and the Middle East, Africa has the world’s attention. But just because all eyes happen to be on Africa at the moment doesn’t mean myths about this part of the world have been dispelled. Despite the intense interest in Africa today, racial stereotypes about it persist. Do you have any misperceptions about Africa? This list of common myths about Africa aims to clear them up. Africa Is a Country What’s the No. 1 stereotype about Africa? Arguably, the biggest stereotype is that Africa’s not a continent, but a country. Ever hear someone refer to African food or African art or even the African language? Such individuals have no idea that Africa’s the second largest continent in the world. Instead, they view it as a tiny country with no distinct traditions, cultures or ethnic groups. They fail to realize that referring to, say, African food sounds just as odd as referring to North American food or the North American language or the North American people. Africa’s home to 53 countries, including island nations along the continent’s coast. These countries contain diverse groups of people who speak a variety of languages and practice a wide range of customs. Take Nigeria—Africa’s most populous country. Among the nation’s population of 152 million, more than 250 distinct ethnic groups live. While English is the former British colonys official language, the dialects of ethnic groups indigenous to the West African nation, such as Yoruba, Hausa, and Igbo, are commonly spoken as well. To boot, Nigerians practice Christianity, Islam and indigenous religions. So much for the myth that all Africans are alike. The most populated nation on the continent certainly proves otherwise. All Africans Look the Same If you turn to popular culture for images of people on the African continent, you’re likely to notice a pattern. Time and time again, Africans are depicted as if they’re one and the same. You’ll see Africans portrayed wearing face paint and animal print and all with nearly pitch black skin. The controversy surrounding singer Beyonce Knowles’ decision to don black face for French magazine L’Officiel is a case in point. In a photo shoot for the magazine described as â€Å"a return to her African roots,† Knowles darkened her skin to a deep brown, wore splotches of blue and beige paint on her cheekbones and leopard print clothing, not to mention a necklace made out of bone-like material. The fashion spread sparked public outcry for a number of reasons. For one, Knowles portrays no particular African ethnic group in the spread, so which roots did she pay tribute to during the shoot? The generic African heritage L’Officiel claims Knowles honors in the spread really just amounts to racial stereotyping. Do some groups in Africa wear face paint? Sure, but not all do. And the leopard print clothing? That’s not a look favored by indigenous African groups. It simply highlights that the Western world commonly views Africans as tribal and untamed. As for the skin-darkening—Africans, even sub-Saharan ones, have a range of skin tones, hair textures, and other physical traits. This is why some people pegged L’Officiel’s decision to darken Knowles’ skin for the shoot unnecessary. After all, not every African is black-skinned. As Dodai Stewart of Jezebel.com put it: â€Å"When you paint your face darker in order to look more ‘African,’ aren’t you reducing an entire continent, full of different nations, tribes, cultures, and histories, into one brown color?† Egypt Isn’t Part of Africa Geographically, there’s no question: Egypt sits squarely in Northeast Africa. Specifically, it borders Libya to the West, Sudan to the South, the Mediterranean Sea to the North, the Red Sea to the East and Israel and the Gaza Strip to the Northeast. Despite its location, Egypt is often not described as an African nation, but as Middle Eastern—the region where Europe, Africa, and Asia meet. This omission stems mostly from the fact that Egypt’s population of more than 80 million is heavily Arab—with up to 100,000 Nubians in the South—a drastic difference from the population of sub-Saharan Africa. Complicating matters is that Arabs tend to be classified as Caucasian. According to scientific research, the ancient Egyptians—known for their pyramids and sophisticated civilization—were neither European nor sub-Saharan African biologically, but a genetically distinct group. In one study cited by John H. Relethford in the Fundamentals of Biological Anthropology, ancient skulls belonging to populations from sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, the Far East and Australia were compared to determine the racial origin of ancient Egyptians. If Egyptians did indeed originate in Europe, their skull samples would closely match those of ancient Europeans. Researchers found, however, that this wasn’t the case. But the Egyptian skull samples weren’t similar to those of sub-Saharan Africans either. Rather, â€Å"the ancient Egyptians are Egyptian,† Relethford writes. In other words, Egyptians are an ethnically unique people. These people happen to be situated on the African continent, though. Their existence reveals Africa’s diversity. Africa Is All Jungle Never mind that the Sahara Desert makes up one-third of Africa. Thanks to Tarzan films and other cinematic portrayals of Africa, many mistakenly believe that jungle occupies most of the continent and that ferocious beasts roam its entire landscape. Black activist Malcolm X, who visited several African countries before his assassination in 1965, took issue with this depiction. He not only discussed Western stereotypes of Africa but also how such stereotypes resulted in black Americans distancing themselves from the continent. â€Å"They always project Africa in a negative light: jungle savages, cannibals, nothing civilized,† he  pointed out. In reality, Africa houses  a wide range of vegetation zones. Only a small portion of the continent includes jungle or rainforests. These tropical areas are located along the Guinea Coast and in the Zaire River Basin. Africa’s largest vegetation zone is actually savanna or tropical grassland. Moreover, Africa’s home to urban centers with populations in the multimillions, including Cairo, Egypt; Lagos, Nigeria; and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. By 2025, more than half of the African population will reside in cities, according to  some estimates. Black American Slaves Came From All Over Africa Largely due to the misconception that Africa’s a country, it’s not uncommon for people to assume that black Americans have ancestors from all over the continent. In reality, the slaves traded throughout the Americas originated specifically along Africa’s western coast. For the first time, Portuguese sailors who’d previously traveled to Africa for gold returned to Europe with 10 African slaves in 1442, PBS  reports. Four decades later, the Portuguese built a trading post on the Guinean shore called Elmina, or â€Å"the mine† in Portuguese. There, gold, ivory, and other goods were traded along with African slaves—exported for weapons, mirrors, and cloth, to name a few. Before long, Dutch and English ships began arriving at Elmina for African slaves as well. By 1619, Europeans had forced a million slaves into the Americas. Altogether, 10 to 12 million Africans were forced into servitude in the New World. These Africans were â€Å"either captured in warring raids or kidnapped and taken to the port by African slave traders,† PBS notes. Yes, West Africans played a key role in the transatlantic slave trade. For these Africans, slavery was nothing new, but African slavery in no way resembled North and South American slavery. In his book, the  African Slave Trade, Basil Davidson likens slavery on the African continent to European serfdom. Take the Ashanti Kingdom of West Africa, where â€Å"slaves could marry, own property and even own slaves,† PBS explains. Slaves in the United States enjoyed no such privileges. Moreover, while slavery in the U.S. was linked to skin color—with blacks as servants and whites as masters—racism was not the impetus for slavery in Africa. Plus, like indentured servants, slaves in Africa were typically released from bondage after a set amount of time. Accordingly, slavery in Africa never lasted across generations. Wrapping Up Many myths  about Africa date back centuries. In the modern day, new stereotypes about the continent have emerged. Thanks to a sensationalistic news media, people worldwide associate Africa with famine, war, AIDS, poverty and political corruption. This isn’t to say that such problems don’t exist in Africa. Of course, they do. But even in a nation as wealthy as the United States, hunger, abuse of power and chronic illness factor into everyday life. While the continent of Africa faces enormous challenges, not every African is in need, nor is every African nation in crisis. Source Relethford, John. Fundamentals of Biological Anthropology. 2 edition, McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, October 18, 1996.

The Problem Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism - 1539 Words

Alcoholism proves to be a leading cause of brain damage and body malfunction all across America, ultimately endangering your life and the ones around you, but overcoming alcoholism seems to be a harder obstacle to overcome because this addictive drug imprints denial on your brain and makes you think you can stop drinking whenever you want. Denial is one of the hardest hurdles to jump over to getting help for alcoholism and abuse. The desire to drink is so strong that the mind finds ways to rationalize drinking, even when consequences are obvious. Their behavior and negative affects denial also exacerbates alcohol related problems with work, finances, and relationships. If one’s self finds themselves rationalizing their drinking habits, lying about them, or refusing to talk about them, they should try to take a moment to consider why are they so defensive. If a person doesn’t believe they have a drinking problem than there should be no excess of trying to hide the obvio us truth. Although some cases are likely to be less obvious, these groups of people generally started drinking excessively later in life and their need for alcohol has not yet resulted in profound debilitation. Regardless of the obviousness or clarity of the alcohol problem, â€Å"patients† are far more likely to announce their drinking problem openly. This is where we get into areas of treatment and the most delicate aspects of handling alcoholic clients. A survey of American adults showed that drug use disorderShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a growing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? 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Personal Narrative An Amazing Toy Car - 944 Words

With every phone call after that day, I wished it was Vineet. On one such routine day, I ran towards the phone and to my satisfaction he was Vineet who said, â€Å"Thank you. That is an amazing car I ever had.† I was so happy that day since my efforts paid off, but there remained a feeling of guilt. Few weeks back, my friends decided to give a gift to Vineet since he was recovering from nephrotic syndrome and asked me for a contribution. I said, â€Å"I would rather buy skates for myself†. Later that week, we visited him and he was looking helpless and weak on his bed. But, on seeing us he was so surprised and delighted when he received the gift. He thanked everyone and said, â€Å"Thank you! That is an amazing toy-car†. I said with a feeling of guilt, â€Å"Sorry but I’ve made no contribution for your gift†. Intending to do something special for him and the fact that my friend’s family was moving to another city, I put my efforts in making a battery operated toy-car by myself. By the time toy-car was ready, my friend had left for the city. I had an easy option to ask my father to buy something for Vineet but instead I chose a harder way, because it was my mistake and only I could have fixed it. I then sent the toy-car via courier. Later he called me up and said those above words. But the guilt in me ever remained that I did not see him smile. The love for Internal Medicine comes from the lesson learnt in childhood that once the right time is gone it doesn’t come back. Out of all theShow MoreRelatedProduct Placement10682 Words   |  43 Pagescinemas earliest history. Before films were even narrative forms in the sense that they are recognised today, industrial concerns funded the making of what film scholar Tom Gunning has described as cinematic attractions[9] these were short films of no longer than one or two minutes. 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Operators and Development Organisations in Tourism

Question: Discuss about the Operators and Development Organisations in Tourism . Answer: Introduction Tourism is a major foreign exchange earner for Australia. In cities like Sydney, the arrival of tourists depends greatly on theme tourists. Such tourists, who come in groups, are visiting this magnificent city with the purpose of exploring the various cultural aspects of Australia. For economic and social reasons, forecasts about tourist arrivals becomes important as it enables the various tourism related sectors of the country such as airlines, hotels and other service providers. This forecasting also helps all these stakeholders in making preparation for the expected number of tourists at a given future period, assert Buhalis Crotts, (2013). This paper makes the attempt at forecasting arrival of tourists, especially in Sydney, by using the Statistical Time Series Modelling Techniques. Techniques used by the author include Double Exponential Smoothing and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). All the data related to arrival of tourists in Sydney has been obtained from Australia Bureau of Statistics, the Australian Trade Commission and Department of Tourism, Government of New South Wales, as per Erskine Meyer, (2012). The author has used the tourist arrivals for the period 2006 to 2015 for model validation. Arrivals of international tourists and the revenues generated from these international tourists have been used by nations across the globe as benchmark aggregate series for arriving at an assessment of the importance of tourism by specific countries. Nations often make use of advertising campaigns and international political discussion forums for arriving at a higher international tourist arrivals level so as to emphasize the success of their country in the international community, say Evans, Stonehouse Campbell, (2012). On the same scale, a sizeable increase in international tourist revenues become a good indicator of the role played by tourism in the economy of a nation when assessing its Gross Domestic Product and foreign exchange generation. Subsequently, the policy makers get convinced and assist in development of tourism and to further increase the profitability from these enhanced tourism activities. In Australia, the overseas visitors contributed about 25% of the total touri sm earnings of the country. In 2014-15, the revenue generated from overseas visitors was $32billion and it represented about 11% of Australias total export revenue, asserts Harris, (2012). Tourism Forecasting Methodology Rapid global growth of the tourism industry across all nations in the past 20 years is instrumental in contributing highly to the economy of that nation. The research data provided by World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) has shown that output value of global tourism, including other sectors related to tourism, was US$5.474 trillion and this was 9.4% of the Global GDP in 2009. According to WITC, this output value of global tourism industry may reach US$10.478 trillion, generating 9.5% of Global GDP by 2019, as detailed by Gilligan Hird, (2012). Methodologies used for tourism forecasting can be broadly divided into Qualitative and Quantitative methodologies. Regardless of the forecasting methodology used, this author has noticed that usefulness of the tourism demand forecasting model is actually based on the accuracy of the tourism demand forecasts which the technique generates, especially when it is measured in comparison with the actual inflow of the tourist arrivals, as defined by Hall, Timothy Duval, (2012). In this regard, there are five patterns in use while working on a tourism time series: Seasonality Stationarity Linear Trend Non-linear Trend and Stepped Series. It has also been observed that while forecasting, the single variable approach has limitations as it lacks in explanatory variables. Also, because it is best suitable when making short- to medium-term forecasting, assert Erskine Meyer, (2012). Another factor in this approach are the factors which are directly related to seasonality, trend and cycle, as they change slowly and can be best extrapolated in the short- to medium term forecasting, say Huimin, Ryan, (2011). The conventional tourism demand forecasting methodologies have been categorised as Univariate Time-series Approaches and Multivariate Demand Modelling Approaches. In this respect, say Lemelin, Dawson Stewart (ed.), (2013), the latter can be implemented by using either a conventional four-step travel planning model or direct demand model. As far as overseas tourist demand forecasting is concerned, the direct demand modelling approach has been used more often because of its capability to identify the demand elasticity which is helpful in representing the causal relationship between the demand and the explanatory variables, assert Lemelin, Dawson Stewart (ed.), (2013). However, in many of the forecasting studies conducted, one of the factors comprises of the facilities which the tourists demand and the prices at which the tours are offered. Under such circumstances, this model has shown that the Univariate Approach has been able to demonstrate a better prediction accuracy. The universal application of the Univariate Time-series Models, according to Jung, Namkung Yoon, (2012), in arriving at an accurate overseas tourist demand forecasting has established the superiority of this forecasting model in this field. Univariate Time-series Model This paper uses the univariate model and the multivariate direct demand model for forecasting overseas tourist arrival in Sydney. The author has used the ARIMA model for Univariate Time-series Analysis and this discussion is based on the dynamic Partial Adjustment Model (PAM), which is constructed from the Sydney Household Travel Survey (SHTS), as explained by Jung, Namkung Yoon, (2012). For the direct demand modelling approach ARIMA model has been used. This author has found that using a number of time-series models, which have been developed for the purpose of forecasting, does not in fact specify a superior time-series model, as this author has noticed and as has been detailed by Evans, Stonehouse Campbell, (2012), that the forecasting power solely depends on the nature of the data used and the context in which the study has been conducted. The ARIMA model, which was introduced by Box and Jenkins in 1970, has been the most widely used time-series model because of its capability to process non-stationary as well as the seasonal data. Hence, instead going into the comparison of performance of the different univariate time-series models available, the focus of this paper is on the forecasting power between univariate modelling technique and multivariate modelling technique, assert Lemelin, Dawson Stewart (ed.), (2013). This paper also looks at their implications for their practical use of tourist demand forecasting. Hence, the author has selected the ARIMA model for the univariate analysis in this paper solely because of its popularity in tourist demand forecasting studies as well as its flexibility while using a wide range of applications. The ARIMA model, typically denoted as an ARIMA (p, q) model, consists of the Auto-Regressive (AR) term and the Moving Average (MA) term. The AR (p) model uses p lags of time for predicting the dependent variable y as is specified below in equation which is referred to as ARIMA (p, 1, q) Equation. Data plotted in Graph-1 shows that the time series was a non-stationary one as there was certain trend component present in the flow of data. As per the available trend shown, the data was made into a stationary one by taking into consideration the first order difference (d = 1). The arrived at time series of this differenced data has been shown in Graph-2. Using the R-language for different values of p and q, the author arrived at different results of the ARIMA model, which were fitted for comparison with the requirements and then the best model was selected based on the minimum values prescribed in the selection criteria. For this purpose, this paper chose the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), the formula for which is given in the equation shown below. Based on these findings, this author arrived at the best ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model. The best model was represented by the following equation. The author also made use of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) technique and the Mean Absolute Percentage Error technique (MAPE) using the following formulae for arriving at the best ARIMA Model. In making all these estimations, this author has used the Maximum Likelihood Estimation Technique (MLET). After this, use of data was made for forecasting the arrival of international tourists for the period 2006 to 2015 and the relevant values have been shown in the Table shown in the Appendix. List of References Buhalis, D. and Crotts, J. 2013. Global alliances in tourism and hospitality management. Routledge, Oxon. Erskine, L. M. and Meyer, D. 2012. Influenced and influential: The role of tour operators and development organisations in tourism and poverty reduction in Ecuador. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 339-357. Evans, N., Stonehouse, G. and Campbell, D. 2012. Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor Francis, New York. Gilligan, C. and Hird, M. 2012. International marketing: strategy and management (Vol. 17). Routledge, Oxon. Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. J. and Duval, D. T. 2012. Safety and security in tourism: relationships, management, and marketing. Routledge, Oxon. Harris, L. C. 2012. Ripping off tourists: an empirical evaluation of tourists perceptions and service worker (mis) behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 10701093. Huimin, G. and Ryan, C. 2011. Ethics and corporate social responsibilityAn analysis of the views of Chinese hotel managers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 875885. Jung, H. S., Namkung, Y., Yoon, H. H. 2012. The effects of employees business ethical value on personorganization fit and turnover intent in the foodservice industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 538546 Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J. (Eds.). 2013. Last chance tourism: Adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world. Routledge, Oxon.